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Functional anatomy of Polycomb and Trithorax chromatin landscapes in Drosophila embryos. A hierarchy of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 acquisition in spatial gene regulation in Xenopus embryos. Chromatin signature of embryonic pluripotency is established during genome activation. Chromatin signatures in multipotent human hematopoietic stem cells indicate the fate of bivalent genes during differentiation. Distinct histone modifications in stem cell lines and tissue lineages from the early mouse embryo. Histone H3 lysine 27 methylation asymmetry on developmentally-regulated promoters distinguish the first two lineages in mouse preimplantation embryos.
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Ring1B and Suv39h1 delineate distinct chromatin states at bivalent genes during early mouse lineage commitment. This study provides evidence that H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks do not coexist on the same histone H3 tail, but can occur on opposite H3 tails in the same nucleosome.Īlder, O. Whole-genome analysis of histone H3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 methylation in human embryonic stem cells. Whole-genome mapping of histone H3 Lys4 and 27 trimethylations reveals distinct genomic compartments in human embryonic stem cells. Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. References 9 and 14 describe the identification of bivalent domains (which contain both repressive H3K27me3 and activating H3K4me3 marks) in lineage-specific genes in mouse ES cells that are cultured in normal serum-containing medium. A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Global transcription in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. A chromatin landmark and transcription initiation at most promoters in human cells. Chromatin signatures of pluripotent cell lines. Hyperdynamic plasticity of chromatin proteins in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Ultrastructure of human embryonic stem cells and spontaneous and retinoic acid-induced differentiating cells. Chromatin remodelling during development. Long non-coding RNAs: new players in cell differentiation and development. Switching cell fate, ncRNAs coming to play.
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Histone variants in pluripotency and disease. TETonic shift: biological roles of TET proteins in DNA demethylation and transcription. DNA methylation: roles in mammalian development. Recent evidence suggests that, at least in some cases, histone methylation enzymes, rather than histone methylation marks, persist through DNA replication, which provides a possible mechanism for the inheritance of histone modifications. Some classic 'co-repressors' are associated with actively transcribed loci, which may prevent cryptic initiation of transcription and may 'fine-tune' transcription. The heterogeneous compositions of these complexes contribute to target selectivity and to functional specificity. Genetic studies in knockout mice suggest major roles for various chromatin modifiers and remodellers in key developmental transitions, such as the segregation of embryonic (that is, the inner cell mass) and extra-embryonic (that is, the trophoblast) lineages at the blastocyst stage, and the formation of the three germ layers (that is, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) during gastrulation.Įpigenetic 'pre-patterning' in pluripotent and multipotent cells may be important in lineage specification.Ĭhromatin modifiers often exist in multisubunit co-regulator complexes. Bivalency is not a universal or unique feature of pluripotent and multipotent cells.ĮS cell differentiation is accompanied by global chromatin remodelling, which results in a progressive transition from a fairly open chromatin configuration to a more compact and repressive state.ĭynamic changes in histone modifications also occur during adult stem cell differentiation.
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Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3K27me3 'bivalency' is observed in ES cells that are cultured in the presence of serum, which could reflect cellular heterogeneity to a great extent. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have a globally 'open' and dynamic chromatin state.